Sea ice is a critical component of the polar regions and plays a significant part in global ocean circulation, atmospheric patterns, and marine life. Studying sea ice provides valuable insights into climate change, as its dynamics are sensitive to fluctuations in temperature and environmental conditions.
Sea ice formation influences the global ocean circulation through thermohaline circulation. When sea ice forms, the salt rejected during the freezing process increases the salinity of the surrounding water, making it denser. This dense water sinks and contributes to deep ocean currents that help regulate global heat and nutrient distribution.

Scientists monitor sea ice using satellites, which provide data on ice extent, thickness, and movement. Instruments like passive microwave sensors have been crucial for tracking changes in sea ice since the late 1970s.

Researchers also conduct field studies, drilling ice cores to analyse salinity, temperature, and the chemical composition of sea ice. These studies help scientists understand the physical processes that govern ice formation, melting, and interaction with the atmosphere and ocean.

Sea ice takes various shapes and forms depending on its stage of development and several environmental and meteorological conditions.